Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
Alter, Charlotte. “‘The Battle of the Sexes’ Turns 40: A Look Back at TIME’s Coverage.” TIME Magazine, 19 September 2013. Web. 24 October 2014.
This source was Time Magazine’s coverage of the ‘Battle of the Sexes.’ This source gave me quotes on what was said between King and Riggs during the pregame coverage of the match. This source also gave me an insight on what Billie Jean King thought what was at stake if she lost the match. This source also gave me information on why the timing was so right for this particular match.
“Billie Jean King Hopes WTT Can Expand.” Interview by Isabelle Khurshudyan. The Washington Post. The Washington Post, 11 July 2014. Web. 18 November 2014.
This source was an interview with Billie Jean King. In the interview King talked about her hopes and dreams are for World Team Tennis. King also talked about the struggle of making World Team Tennis more popular to get more pros playing on teams.
King, Billie Jean, and Christine Brennan. Pressure is a Privilege: Lessons I’ve Learned from Life and the Battle of the Sexes. New York: LifeTime Media, 2008. Print.
This book was written by Billie Jean King. In the book she talked about the lessons she learned throughout her life while she was fighting for women’s equality. This book includes her account of what was happening during the ‘Battle of the Sexes.’ This book gave me insight on what Billie was thinking during an important turning point for women’s equality.
Nunn, Tip. “Billie Jean King Interview.” 3 October 2014. E-mail.
This e-mail was an interview with Billie Jean King. In the interview, she talked about the accomplishments that made her most proud, like World Team Tennis. She also talked about what her victory over Bobby Riggs meant to her personally and women in general. She also described what is like for women in sports and society in the 60s, compared to now.
“Pioneer Billie Jean King Moved the Baseline for Women’s Tennis.” Interview by Dave Davies. Npr. National Public Radio, 31 January 2014. Web. 7 October 2014.
This was an interview with Billie Jean King. This interview gave me background on what it was like to be a young girl in the 50s and 60s. It also gave me information on the early life of Billie Jean King, and how there weren’t many opportunities for women in sports. This interview also gave me King’s perspective on how badly women were treated in tennis in the early 60s.
“Title IX at 40: An Interview with Billie Jean King.” Interview by Martha Burk. HuffPost Sports. Huffington Post, 20 June 2012. Web. 13 October 2014.
This source was an interview with Billie Jean King. She talked about how important Title IX was for women’s equality. She also talked about where she would like to see women’s sports ten years from now. This gave me a vision of what King would like women’s sports to look like; she wants more professional opportunities for women in sports.
Walter, Rosalind P. “American Masters: Billie Jean King.” PBS. PBS, 10 September 2013. Web. 9. September 2014.
This was a documentary about the leadership and legacy of Billie Jean King. In this documentary, Billie Jean King and many others, were interviewed about the turning points in the fight for women’s equality in tennis. This documentary also gave me insight on what was going on in King’s head during the Battle of the Sexes. It also gave me perspective on how the Battle of the Sexes wasn’t just a tennis match; it symbolized social change for women.
Photographs
Betty Stove Playing Tennis. 1973. Wikipedia. Web. 4 Dec. 2014.
Betty Stove playing tennis in 1973.
Billie Jean King. 1967. London, England. American Masters. Web. 14 October. 2014.
Billie Jean King playing at Wimbledon at the All England Club in 1967.
Billie Jean King and President Obama. 2009. Queerty.com. Web. 2 Dec. 2014.
President Obama awards Billie Jean King with the Medal of Freedom in 2009.
Billie Jean King and Rod Laver. 1968. London, England. American Masters. Web.
Billie Jean King dancing with Rod Laver at the Lawn Tennis Association Ball in 1968 at the Grosvenor House in England.
Billie Jean King at a Tennis Lesson. 1955. Long Beach, California. American Masters. By Billie Jean King. Web.
Billie Jean King at a tennis lesson at 12 years old.
Billie Jean King at the Los Angeles Tennis Club. 1958. Los Angeles, California. American Masters. By Billie Jean King. Web.
Billie Jean King in front of the Los Angeles Tennis Club.
Billie Jean King Hits a Forehand. 1964. London, England. CNN. Web. 10 Oct. 2014.
Billie Jean King hits a forehand in the semifinal of Wimbledon in 1964.
Billie Jean King: The Battle of the Sexes. 1973. Houston, Texas. American Masters. Web. 25 October 2014.
Billie Jean King playing against Bobby Riggs in the ‘Battle of the Sexes’ in 1973.
Doherty, Sahm. Billie Jean King Enters the Battle of the Sexes. 1973. Houston, Texas. Getty Images. Web. 29 September. 2014.
Billie Jean King entering the ‘Battle of the Sexes.’
Erickson, Roy. Bobby Riggs Playing Tennis in Florida. 1979. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Florida Memory. Web. 19 Nov. 2014.
Bobby Riggs playing tennis in Fort Lauderdale, Florida in 1979.
Florida Girl's High School Soccer Team. 2009. Florida. Tampabay.com. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.
Girl’s High School Soccer Team from Florida in 2009.
Girl's Tennis at Stanford. 2014. Pac 12. Web. 27 Nov. 2014.
Girl’s Tennis at Stanford in 2014.
Judy Tegart Dalton at Wimbledon. 1968. London, England. Pinterest. By Linda Taylor. Web. 8 Nov. 2014.
Judy Tegart Dalton playing tennis at the Wimbledon finals in 1968,
Julie Heldman Playing Tennis. 1964. Tennis Forum. Web. 2 Dec. 2014.
Julie Heldman playing tennis in 1964.
Kerry Melville Reid Playing Tennis. 1972. Melbourne, Australia. Australian Open Women's Champions. Web. 19 Nov. 2014.
Kerry Melville Reid at the Australian Open in 1972.
Kristy Pigeon at a WTA Luncheon. 2013. Charleston, Virginia. WTA Tennis. Web. 17 Nov. 2014.
Kristy Pigeon at a WTA Luncheon in Charleston, Virginia in 2013.
Larry Riggs. 2012. American Master. Web. 3 Nov. 2014.
A portrait of Larry Riggs in 2012.
Margaret Court. 1963. Melbourne, Australia. Sydney Morning Herald. Web. 28 Oct. 2014.
Margaret Court playing the Australian Open in 1973.
Nancy Richey Holding a Wimbledon Trophy. 1966. London, England. Tennis Forum. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.
Nancy Richey holding a Wimbledon trophy in 1966.
Peaches Bartkowicz at Wightman Cup. 1970. Tennis Forum. Web. 23 Nov. 2014.
Peaches Bartkowicz at the Wightman Cup in 1970 playing tennis.
Richard Nixon Signing Title IX. 1972. Sports Politics. Web. 12 Nov. 2014.
Richard Nixon signing Title IX on June 23, 1972.
Serena Williams at the 2012 Olympics. 2012. London, England. Washington Post. Web. 14 Nov. 2014.
Serena Williams at the 2012 Olympics in London, England.
Stacey Allaster at a WTA Press Conference. 2013. USA Today. Web. 29 Nov. 2014.
Stacey Allaster at a WTA Press Conference in 2013.
The Original Nine. 1968. Houston, Texas. American Masters. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.
The ‘Original Nine’ holding up one dollar bills in 1968.
Valerie Ziegenfuss at the US Open. 1972. Flushing, New York. Fine Art America. Web. 23 Oct. 2014.
Valerie Ziegenfuss at the US Open in 1972.
Virginia Slims: You've Come a Long Way Baby. 1968. Etsy. Web. 16 Nov. 2014.
Virginia Slims Circuit Logo.
Women's Liberation Movement. 1968. Atlantic City, New Jersey. Tumblr. Web.
Women’s Liberation Movement in Atlantic City, New Jersey in 1968.
Women's Liberation Symbol. Pinterest. By Lauren Owen. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
Symbol for Women’s Liberation.
Secondary Sources
Amdur, Neil. “‘Battle of the Sexes’ A Resounding Win for Women.” ESPN. ESPN, 23 June 2013. Web. 22 September 2014.
This article was about the impact of the ‘Battle of the Sexes’ 40 years later. This article was about the aftermath of the ‘Battle of the Sexes.’ This article was also about Title IX and its positive effects on women in sports. This article gave me information on how much of an impact Billie Jean King had on people which has inspired millions of girls to participate in sports.
Bolger, Dana. “Know Your Title IX.” Know Your Title IX, 12 June 2012. Web. 17 Nov. 2014.
This source was all about Title IX. This source gave me a lot of the information about Title IX, and what the main idea of the legislation is. This source also listed all the sections of the law. It helped me realize the the legislation wasn’t only about sports, but it was about education too.
Burchard, Marshall, and S.H. Burchard. Sports Hero: Billie Jean King. New York: Putnam, 1975. Print.
This was a book about Billie Jean’s role in women’s equality. This book painted Billie Jean King as a sports hero fighting for equality in all sports. This was a good source for getting to know all her achievements which made tennis where it’s at today. The book also gave me a lot of context to where women were at in the 1960s.
Lannin, Joanne. Billie Jean: Tennis Trailblazer. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 1999. Print.
This book was about the whole life of Billie Jean King before and after tennis. This book talked about the struggle and fight for women’s equality. It talked about the Virginia Slims Circuit and how the circuit turned into the Women’s Tennis Association. This book also had a lot of information about her early life. The book talked about how Billie Jean King knew that she wanted to change tennis and sports for women at a very early age.
McGregor, Jena. “How Women’s Tennis Fought for Equal Pay.” Washington Post. The Washington Post, 5 September 2014. Web. 1 October 2014.
This article was about how women’s tennis fought for equal pay. In this article, the head of the Women’s Tennis Association, Stacey Allaster, was interviewed about the impact of Billie Jean King. This article gave me information on why women’s tennis succeeded at equal pay. This article also gave me a perspective on how others see the future of women’s tennis.
Sweeney, Sarah. “Appreciating Billie Jean King’s Contribution to Second-Wave Feminism.” Harvard Gazette. Harvard University, 20 November 2008. Web. 23 October. 2014.
This was an article about how Billie Jean King always wanted to do something with her life beyond the traditional life of marriage and children. The article talked about how she wasn’t just an advocate for women; she was an advocate for equality among people, in sports and beyond. This article also talked about how King’s actions left us in a very different American society.
Vivas, Sandra. “WSF History.” Women’s Sports Foundation History. Women’s Sports Foundation, 20 June 2011. Web. 19 November 2014.
This source was about the history of the Women’s Sports Foundation. The source talked about when Billie Jean King founded it and helped me understand why she founded WSF. This source also talking about the achievements of the Women’s Sports Foundation.
Wade, Lisa, PhD. “Sociological Images: Title IX.” Sociological Images RSS. TSP The Society Pages, 23 June 2012. Web 17 Nov. 2014.
This source was about the impact of Title IX. It gave the statistics for the participation in girl’s high school sports. I also gave the statistics for the participation in women’s collegiate sports.
Ware, Susan. Game, Set, Match: Billie Jean King and the Revolution in Women’s Sports. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2011. Print.
This source was a book mainly about Billie Jean King’s victory over Bobby Riggs in the ‘Battle of the Sexes.” This book talked about how much pressure was on King to win the match. This book also talked about what was going on during the hype before the match. This book was also about King’s spirited challenges to sexism on and off the court and how it sparked a women’s sports revolution in the 70s that reshaped American Society.
Photographs
US Open Logo. N.d. US Open. Web. 11 Oct. 2014.
US Open Logo.
Women's Tennis Association Logo. WTA Tennis. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.
Women’s Tennis Association logo.
World Team Tennis Logo. Wikipedia. Web. 21 Oct. 2014.
World Team Tennis Logo.
Primary Sources
Alter, Charlotte. “‘The Battle of the Sexes’ Turns 40: A Look Back at TIME’s Coverage.” TIME Magazine, 19 September 2013. Web. 24 October 2014.
This source was Time Magazine’s coverage of the ‘Battle of the Sexes.’ This source gave me quotes on what was said between King and Riggs during the pregame coverage of the match. This source also gave me an insight on what Billie Jean King thought what was at stake if she lost the match. This source also gave me information on why the timing was so right for this particular match.
“Billie Jean King Hopes WTT Can Expand.” Interview by Isabelle Khurshudyan. The Washington Post. The Washington Post, 11 July 2014. Web. 18 November 2014.
This source was an interview with Billie Jean King. In the interview King talked about her hopes and dreams are for World Team Tennis. King also talked about the struggle of making World Team Tennis more popular to get more pros playing on teams.
King, Billie Jean, and Christine Brennan. Pressure is a Privilege: Lessons I’ve Learned from Life and the Battle of the Sexes. New York: LifeTime Media, 2008. Print.
This book was written by Billie Jean King. In the book she talked about the lessons she learned throughout her life while she was fighting for women’s equality. This book includes her account of what was happening during the ‘Battle of the Sexes.’ This book gave me insight on what Billie was thinking during an important turning point for women’s equality.
Nunn, Tip. “Billie Jean King Interview.” 3 October 2014. E-mail.
This e-mail was an interview with Billie Jean King. In the interview, she talked about the accomplishments that made her most proud, like World Team Tennis. She also talked about what her victory over Bobby Riggs meant to her personally and women in general. She also described what is like for women in sports and society in the 60s, compared to now.
“Pioneer Billie Jean King Moved the Baseline for Women’s Tennis.” Interview by Dave Davies. Npr. National Public Radio, 31 January 2014. Web. 7 October 2014.
This was an interview with Billie Jean King. This interview gave me background on what it was like to be a young girl in the 50s and 60s. It also gave me information on the early life of Billie Jean King, and how there weren’t many opportunities for women in sports. This interview also gave me King’s perspective on how badly women were treated in tennis in the early 60s.
“Title IX at 40: An Interview with Billie Jean King.” Interview by Martha Burk. HuffPost Sports. Huffington Post, 20 June 2012. Web. 13 October 2014.
This source was an interview with Billie Jean King. She talked about how important Title IX was for women’s equality. She also talked about where she would like to see women’s sports ten years from now. This gave me a vision of what King would like women’s sports to look like; she wants more professional opportunities for women in sports.
Walter, Rosalind P. “American Masters: Billie Jean King.” PBS. PBS, 10 September 2013. Web. 9. September 2014.
This was a documentary about the leadership and legacy of Billie Jean King. In this documentary, Billie Jean King and many others, were interviewed about the turning points in the fight for women’s equality in tennis. This documentary also gave me insight on what was going on in King’s head during the Battle of the Sexes. It also gave me perspective on how the Battle of the Sexes wasn’t just a tennis match; it symbolized social change for women.
Photographs
Betty Stove Playing Tennis. 1973. Wikipedia. Web. 4 Dec. 2014.
Betty Stove playing tennis in 1973.
Billie Jean King. 1967. London, England. American Masters. Web. 14 October. 2014.
Billie Jean King playing at Wimbledon at the All England Club in 1967.
Billie Jean King and President Obama. 2009. Queerty.com. Web. 2 Dec. 2014.
President Obama awards Billie Jean King with the Medal of Freedom in 2009.
Billie Jean King and Rod Laver. 1968. London, England. American Masters. Web.
Billie Jean King dancing with Rod Laver at the Lawn Tennis Association Ball in 1968 at the Grosvenor House in England.
Billie Jean King at a Tennis Lesson. 1955. Long Beach, California. American Masters. By Billie Jean King. Web.
Billie Jean King at a tennis lesson at 12 years old.
Billie Jean King at the Los Angeles Tennis Club. 1958. Los Angeles, California. American Masters. By Billie Jean King. Web.
Billie Jean King in front of the Los Angeles Tennis Club.
Billie Jean King Hits a Forehand. 1964. London, England. CNN. Web. 10 Oct. 2014.
Billie Jean King hits a forehand in the semifinal of Wimbledon in 1964.
Billie Jean King: The Battle of the Sexes. 1973. Houston, Texas. American Masters. Web. 25 October 2014.
Billie Jean King playing against Bobby Riggs in the ‘Battle of the Sexes’ in 1973.
Doherty, Sahm. Billie Jean King Enters the Battle of the Sexes. 1973. Houston, Texas. Getty Images. Web. 29 September. 2014.
Billie Jean King entering the ‘Battle of the Sexes.’
Erickson, Roy. Bobby Riggs Playing Tennis in Florida. 1979. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Florida Memory. Web. 19 Nov. 2014.
Bobby Riggs playing tennis in Fort Lauderdale, Florida in 1979.
Florida Girl's High School Soccer Team. 2009. Florida. Tampabay.com. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.
Girl’s High School Soccer Team from Florida in 2009.
Girl's Tennis at Stanford. 2014. Pac 12. Web. 27 Nov. 2014.
Girl’s Tennis at Stanford in 2014.
Judy Tegart Dalton at Wimbledon. 1968. London, England. Pinterest. By Linda Taylor. Web. 8 Nov. 2014.
Judy Tegart Dalton playing tennis at the Wimbledon finals in 1968,
Julie Heldman Playing Tennis. 1964. Tennis Forum. Web. 2 Dec. 2014.
Julie Heldman playing tennis in 1964.
Kerry Melville Reid Playing Tennis. 1972. Melbourne, Australia. Australian Open Women's Champions. Web. 19 Nov. 2014.
Kerry Melville Reid at the Australian Open in 1972.
Kristy Pigeon at a WTA Luncheon. 2013. Charleston, Virginia. WTA Tennis. Web. 17 Nov. 2014.
Kristy Pigeon at a WTA Luncheon in Charleston, Virginia in 2013.
Larry Riggs. 2012. American Master. Web. 3 Nov. 2014.
A portrait of Larry Riggs in 2012.
Margaret Court. 1963. Melbourne, Australia. Sydney Morning Herald. Web. 28 Oct. 2014.
Margaret Court playing the Australian Open in 1973.
Nancy Richey Holding a Wimbledon Trophy. 1966. London, England. Tennis Forum. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.
Nancy Richey holding a Wimbledon trophy in 1966.
Peaches Bartkowicz at Wightman Cup. 1970. Tennis Forum. Web. 23 Nov. 2014.
Peaches Bartkowicz at the Wightman Cup in 1970 playing tennis.
Richard Nixon Signing Title IX. 1972. Sports Politics. Web. 12 Nov. 2014.
Richard Nixon signing Title IX on June 23, 1972.
Serena Williams at the 2012 Olympics. 2012. London, England. Washington Post. Web. 14 Nov. 2014.
Serena Williams at the 2012 Olympics in London, England.
Stacey Allaster at a WTA Press Conference. 2013. USA Today. Web. 29 Nov. 2014.
Stacey Allaster at a WTA Press Conference in 2013.
The Original Nine. 1968. Houston, Texas. American Masters. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.
The ‘Original Nine’ holding up one dollar bills in 1968.
Valerie Ziegenfuss at the US Open. 1972. Flushing, New York. Fine Art America. Web. 23 Oct. 2014.
Valerie Ziegenfuss at the US Open in 1972.
Virginia Slims: You've Come a Long Way Baby. 1968. Etsy. Web. 16 Nov. 2014.
Virginia Slims Circuit Logo.
Women's Liberation Movement. 1968. Atlantic City, New Jersey. Tumblr. Web.
Women’s Liberation Movement in Atlantic City, New Jersey in 1968.
Women's Liberation Symbol. Pinterest. By Lauren Owen. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
Symbol for Women’s Liberation.
Secondary Sources
Amdur, Neil. “‘Battle of the Sexes’ A Resounding Win for Women.” ESPN. ESPN, 23 June 2013. Web. 22 September 2014.
This article was about the impact of the ‘Battle of the Sexes’ 40 years later. This article was about the aftermath of the ‘Battle of the Sexes.’ This article was also about Title IX and its positive effects on women in sports. This article gave me information on how much of an impact Billie Jean King had on people which has inspired millions of girls to participate in sports.
Bolger, Dana. “Know Your Title IX.” Know Your Title IX, 12 June 2012. Web. 17 Nov. 2014.
This source was all about Title IX. This source gave me a lot of the information about Title IX, and what the main idea of the legislation is. This source also listed all the sections of the law. It helped me realize the the legislation wasn’t only about sports, but it was about education too.
Burchard, Marshall, and S.H. Burchard. Sports Hero: Billie Jean King. New York: Putnam, 1975. Print.
This was a book about Billie Jean’s role in women’s equality. This book painted Billie Jean King as a sports hero fighting for equality in all sports. This was a good source for getting to know all her achievements which made tennis where it’s at today. The book also gave me a lot of context to where women were at in the 1960s.
Lannin, Joanne. Billie Jean: Tennis Trailblazer. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 1999. Print.
This book was about the whole life of Billie Jean King before and after tennis. This book talked about the struggle and fight for women’s equality. It talked about the Virginia Slims Circuit and how the circuit turned into the Women’s Tennis Association. This book also had a lot of information about her early life. The book talked about how Billie Jean King knew that she wanted to change tennis and sports for women at a very early age.
McGregor, Jena. “How Women’s Tennis Fought for Equal Pay.” Washington Post. The Washington Post, 5 September 2014. Web. 1 October 2014.
This article was about how women’s tennis fought for equal pay. In this article, the head of the Women’s Tennis Association, Stacey Allaster, was interviewed about the impact of Billie Jean King. This article gave me information on why women’s tennis succeeded at equal pay. This article also gave me a perspective on how others see the future of women’s tennis.
Sweeney, Sarah. “Appreciating Billie Jean King’s Contribution to Second-Wave Feminism.” Harvard Gazette. Harvard University, 20 November 2008. Web. 23 October. 2014.
This was an article about how Billie Jean King always wanted to do something with her life beyond the traditional life of marriage and children. The article talked about how she wasn’t just an advocate for women; she was an advocate for equality among people, in sports and beyond. This article also talked about how King’s actions left us in a very different American society.
Vivas, Sandra. “WSF History.” Women’s Sports Foundation History. Women’s Sports Foundation, 20 June 2011. Web. 19 November 2014.
This source was about the history of the Women’s Sports Foundation. The source talked about when Billie Jean King founded it and helped me understand why she founded WSF. This source also talking about the achievements of the Women’s Sports Foundation.
Wade, Lisa, PhD. “Sociological Images: Title IX.” Sociological Images RSS. TSP The Society Pages, 23 June 2012. Web 17 Nov. 2014.
This source was about the impact of Title IX. It gave the statistics for the participation in girl’s high school sports. I also gave the statistics for the participation in women’s collegiate sports.
Ware, Susan. Game, Set, Match: Billie Jean King and the Revolution in Women’s Sports. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2011. Print.
This source was a book mainly about Billie Jean King’s victory over Bobby Riggs in the ‘Battle of the Sexes.” This book talked about how much pressure was on King to win the match. This book also talked about what was going on during the hype before the match. This book was also about King’s spirited challenges to sexism on and off the court and how it sparked a women’s sports revolution in the 70s that reshaped American Society.
Photographs
US Open Logo. N.d. US Open. Web. 11 Oct. 2014.
US Open Logo.
Women's Tennis Association Logo. WTA Tennis. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.
Women’s Tennis Association logo.
World Team Tennis Logo. Wikipedia. Web. 21 Oct. 2014.
World Team Tennis Logo.